What Xenophobia Is With Examples

What Xenophobia Is With Examples Xenophobia is as ubiquitous as the common cold. It shapes public policy, drives political campaigns and even sparks hate crimes. Yet, the meaning of this multi-syllabic word remains a mystery to many of the people who adopt xenophobic attitudes or find themselves subjected to them. This review of xenophobia illuminates the practice with a definition, contemporary and historical examples and an analysis of how xenophobia intersects with racism. What Xenophobia Is Pronounced zeen-oh-fobe-ee-ah, xenophobia is the fear or contempt of foreign people, places or things. People with this â€Å"fear† are known as xenophobes and the attitudes they have as xenophobic. While phobia refers to fear, xenophobes aren’t scared of foreign people in the same way that a person with arachnophobia fears spiders. Instead, their â€Å"fear† can best be compared to homophobia, as hatred largely drives their repulsion to foreigners.   Xenophobia can occur anywhere. In the United States, known for being the land of immigrants, a number of groups have been the targets of xenophobia, including the Italians, Irish, Poles, Slavs, Chinese, Japanese and a variety of immigrants from Latin America. As a result of xenophobia, immigrants from these backgrounds and others faced discrimination in employment, housing, and other sectors. The U.S. government even passed laws to restrict the number of Chinese nationals in the country and to strip Japanese Americans from the country’s coasts. The Chinese Exclusion Act and Executive Order 9066 More than 200,000 Chinese nationals traveled to the U.S. after the gold rush of 1849. In a three-decade period, they became 9 percent of California’s population and a quarter of the state’s labor force, according to the second volume of America’s History. Although whites excluded the Chinese from higher-wage jobs, the immigrants from the East made a name for themselves in industries such as cigar-making. Before long, white workers came to resent the Chinese and actually threatened to burn the docks from which these newcomers arrived in the U.S. The slogan â€Å"The Chinese Must Go!† became a rallying cry for Californians with anti-Chinese biases. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act to halt the migration of Chinese nationals into the U.S. America’s History describes how xenophobia fueled this decision. â€Å"In other parts of the country, popular racism was directed against African Americans; in California (where blacks were few in number) it found a target in the Chinese. They were an ‘infusible’ element who could not be assimilated into American society, wrote the young journalist Henry George in a famous 1869 letter that made his reputation as a spokesman for California labor. ‘They practice all the unnameable vices of the East. [They are] utter heathens, treacherous, sensual, cowardly and cruel.’† George’s words perpetuate xenophobia by casting the Chinese and their homeland as vice-ridden and, thus, threatening to the U.S. As George framed them, the Chinese were untrustworthy and inferior to Westerners. Such xenophobic opinions not only kept Chinese workers on the sidelines of the labor force and dehumanized them but also led to U.S. lawmakers banning Chinese immigrants from entering the country. The Chinese Exclusion Act is far from the only U.S. legislation passed with xenophobic roots. Just months after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, allowing the federal government to force more than 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast from their homes and into internment camps. He signed the order under the guise that any American of Japanese descent was a potential threat to the U.S., as they could join forces with Japan to commit espionage or other attacks against the country. Historians point out, however, that anti-Japanese sentiment in places such as California fueled the move. The president had no reason to view Japanese Americans as threats, especially since the federal government never linked any such person to espionage or plots against the U.S.   The U.S. appeared to make some headway in its treatment of immigrants in 1943 and 1944, when it, respectively, repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act and allowed Japanese American internees to return to their homes. More than four decades later, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which offered a formal apology to Japanese American internees and a payout of $20,000 to internment camp survivors. It took until June 2012 for the U.S. House of Representatives to pass a resolution apologizing for the Chinese Exclusion Act. Proposition 187 and SB 1070 Xenophobic public policy isn’t limited to the anti-Asian legislation of America’s past. More recent laws, such as California’s Proposition 187 and Arizona’s SB 1070, have also been labeled xenophobic for striving to create a sort of police state for undocumented immigrants in which they’d constantly be under scrutiny and denied basic social services. Named the Save Our State initiative, Prop. 187 aimed to bar undocumented immigrants from receiving public services such as education or medical treatment. It also mandated teachers, healthcare workers, and others to report individuals they suspected of being undocumented to the authorities. Although the ballot measure passed with 59 percent of the vote, federal courts later struck it down for being unconstitutional. Sixteen years after the controversial passage of California’s Prop. 187, the Arizona legislature passed SB 1070, which required police to check the immigration status of anyone they suspected to be in the country illegally. This mandate, predictably, led to concerns about racial profiling. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately gutted some parts of the law, including the provision allowing police to arrest immigrants without probable cause and the provision making it a state crime for unauthorized immigrants not to carry registration papers at all times. The high court, however, left in the provision allowing authorities to check a person’s immigration status while enforcing other laws if they have reasonable cause to believe the individuals reside in the U.S. illegally. While that marked a small victory for the state, Arizona suffered a highly publicized boycott because of its immigration policy. The city of Phoenix lost $141 million in tourism revenue as a result, according to the Center for American Progress.   How Xenophobia and Racism Intersect Xenophobia and racism often coexist. While whites have been targets of xenophobia, such whites usually fall into the â€Å"white ethnic† category- Slavs, Poles, Jews. In other words, they’re not white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, the Western Europeans historically deemed as desirable whites. In the early 20th century, prominent whites expressed fear that white ethnics were reproducing at higher rates than the WASP population. In the 21st century, such fears continue to be raised. Roger Schlafly, son of Phyllis Schlafly, founder of the conservative political group Eagle Forum,  Ã‚  expressed his dismay in 2012 about a New York Times article that covered the rise of the Latino birthrate and the dip in the white birthrate. He lamented the growing number of immigrants with little in common with the 1950s American family, which he describes as â€Å"happy, self-sufficient, autonomous, law-abiding, honorable, patriotic, hard-working.†   In contrast, according to Schlafly, Latino immigrants are transforming the U.S. to its detriment. They â€Å"do not share those values, and †¦ have high rates of illiteracy, illegitimacy, and gang crime, and they will vote Democrat when the Democrats promise them more food stamps.† In short, because Latinos aren’t 1950s WASPs, they must be bad news for the U.S. Just as blacks have been characterized as welfare dependent, Schlafly argues that Latinos are too and will flock to Democrats for â€Å"food stamps.† Wrapping Up While white ethnics, Latinos and other immigrants of color face negative stereotypes, Americans typically hold Western Europeans in high regard. They praise the British for being cultured and refined and the French for their cuisine and fashion. Immigrants of color, however, routinely fight off the idea that they’re inferior to whites. They lack intelligence and integrity or bring disease and crime into the country, xenophobes claim. Sadly, more than 100 years after the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, xenophobia remains prevalent in U.S. society.

Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essays

Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essays Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essay Robert F Kennedy vs Francis Broadhurst Essay Authors demonstrate their arguments in many ways. Writers differ in their organization, mode of discourse, and style in making their arguments. An example is of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Francis Broadhursts essays on the Cape Wind project. The respective essays are of the same topics but with opposing views. Both opinions are neither right nor wrong, it depends on how well the writer supports his case. Kennedy uses descriptions and examples to draw in the reader, while Broadhurst uses statistical evidence and studies to illustrate his point. Facts and research are powerful when speaking to scientists and politicians. But to the average reader and tourists that visit or live in the Nantucket Sound area, the pathos reasoning is far more relatable and hits close to home thus, it is more appealing. Ultimately, Kennedys An Ill Wind off Cape Cod makes a stronger and more effective argument because he can manipulate his readers prospective and outlook on the topic of the Cape Wind project through the organization of the essay, the mode of discourse, and the style in which the essay is written in. Kennedy first begins to create an image of the effects of turbines in Nantucket sound by organizing his essay in a cause and effect style. Kennedy explains the Cape Wind project to his audience, Cape Winds proposal involves construction of 130 giant turbines whose windmill arms will reach 417 feet above the water and be visible for up to 26 miles. This is the cause. The effect is that the turbines will need flashing lights to warn the airplanes and boats that they are in the path of a turbine. And as Kennedy puts it, Hundreds of flashing lights rom the turbines will steal the stars and nighttime views. The turbines will wreck the views of Nantucket Sound, seeing that they will be inescapable; able to be seen and heard from miles away. Another effect the turbines will have is the economy. First of all, the area will lose many of its small businesses like hotels, motels, whale watching tours, and many more due to the decline in tourism that the wind turbines will cause. It is estimated that 2,533 jobs will be lost (using a study from The Beacon Hill Institute at Suffolk University). Secondly, Nantucket Sound is an affluent fishing area. There are hundreds of fishing families in the areas where the Cape Wind project would be built. These families make half their annual income from catching fish. The family-owned businesses will be destroyed from the risk that their gears will become trapped in the cables of the 130 towers. The collapse of the fishing and tourist businesses will cost the local economy over a billion dollars. The cause and effect method is successful in Kennedys essay because the reader can fully understand what the problem is and why it is a bad idea. Furthermore, Kennedy chooses an argumentative mode of discourse. He takes a position on the issue and stands by it. Kennedy opposes the idea of the Cape Wind project on Nantucket Sound. His essay is set up like a persuasive essay. Kennedy begins with exposing his main argument, while acknowledging the other side. He writes As an environmentalist, I support wind power, including wind power on the high seas But I do believe that some places should be off limits to any sort of industrial development. I wouldnt build a wind farm in Yosemite National Park. Nor would I build one on Nantucket Sound Then, Kennedy provides examples and descriptions, one after another. The examples are the body paragraphs of the persuasive essay. They are the reasons and the descriptions are the details that support the examples. The descriptions only strengthen the reasons by adding a sense of reality to the reader because now he or she can visualize it. Kennedy rationalizes that Nantucket Sound is among the most densely traveled boating corridors in the Atlantic. The detail that he supports the reasoning is that the towers will be close to the main navigation channels for cargo ships, ferries, and fishing boats. And because the area is infamous for their fogs and storms, collisions are inevitable. In this way, it is very difficult to not agree with Kennedy, especially because there are consecutive paragraphs that supply the audience with so many examples. Each one is more intense than the last; it starts out with Kennedy pointing out the monetary irresponsibility of Cape Wind and ends with arguments that the turbines impact the local economy and the environment of the Cape region. Kennedy then has concession paragraphs that give points about what his uncle did to help preserve Nantucket Sound and why it needs to be preserved. He agrees that there should be something done to reap the same benefits as the Cape Wind project and suggests alternatives, such as the Scottish deep-water wind project that is also mentioned in Broadhursts essay. The argumentative mode of discourse is makes the essay a powerful case because Kennedy provides reasons for rejecting the wind turbines. The line between an opinion and a legitimate argument is how one defends himself. Kennedy proves to his readers that he can justify his case. Kennedys writing style was big in developing his argument. His use of descriptive language is consistent throughout the entire essay. A very large part in the essay was Kennedys practice of descriptive language and imagery to make his emotional case. The reader can not but be moved when he says, The humane society estimates the whirling turbines could every year kill thousands of migrating songbirds and sea ducks, or when he makes an ardent petition about the charm and appeal of Cape Cod. His central argument is that wind turbines would desecrate the natural beauty of Nantucket Sound and in turn, have adverse effects on the region. Kennedy writes, There are those who argue that Cape Cod is far from pristine and that Cape Winds turbines wont be a significant blot. I invite these critics to see the pods of humpback, minke, pilot, finback, and right whales off Nantucket, to marvel at the thousands of harbor and gray seals lolling, to chase the dark clouds of terns and shorebirds descending over the thick menhaden schools exploding over acre-sized feeding frenzies of striped bass, bluefish, and bonita. He rebuts his opponents allegations using lucid descriptions of Cape Cods magnificence. Kennedy uses description as an extremely effective and central part of his argument against the Cape Wind turbines. The illustration of windmills as instruments of demolition allows him to persuade the readers that the massive wind turbines can destroy the utopian Nantucket Sound. As a result, Kennedy is able to guilt the reader into supporting his anti-Cape Wind position. Kennedy is so successful because he reaches his audience emotionally and tricks them to feel that if they are supporting Cape Wind, they are also supporting a felony against nature in Nantucket Sound itself. Lastly, Kennedys second apparent writing style was the application of a specific tone in his essay. Kennedys enthusiasm and passion for the topic clearly shows throughout the essay, and only adds to his strategy of appealing to the audiences emotions. The passages in which Kennedy discusses the turbines possible impact on fishermen and describes the aesthetic of Cape Cod show that this is an issue that is very close to him. This topic is something that he obviously really cares about, and that helps Kennedy establish his credibility with the reader. He passionately describes the area, I urge them to come diving on some of the hundreds of historic wrecks in this graveyard of the Atlantic, and to visit the endless dune-covered beaches of Cape Cod, our fishing villages immersed in history and beauty, or to spend an afternoon netting blue crabs or mucking clams, quahogs and scallops by the bushel on tidal mud flats He uses words and phrases like beauty and endless dune-covered beaches to draw in the reader and lets them know that he, himself, is very fond of Nantucket Sound. However, there is always a hint of antagonism in his tone; it especially shows when he addresses his critics. He uses words like I invite and I urge to refer to them. The use of the hortative expresses that Kennedy truly wants to prove to the critics that they are wrong. Kennedys tone throughout his piece further permit him to emotionally inspire the audience and consequently, he pulls the reader to his side of the dispute. Kennedys strategy in this essay is clear. He targets the audiences emotions and sympathy in order to win over their vote in opposing wind turbines and he is able to do this through his cause and effect organization, his argumentative mode of discourse, and in his tone and use of imagery. Kennedys essay is well written and successfully defends the argument against wind turbines.

Ciscos Product Grant Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ciscos Product Grant Program - Case Study Example The value of the grant is equivalent to the commercial value of the product(s) or service(s) extended to the beneficiary organization. Cisco practices good corporate citizenship by helping communities through improved networking solutions by teaching these communities, who obviously would not be able to afford the equipment (otherwise, if they could afford it or if it makes business sense, it would not be difficult even for nonprofit organizations to raise the funds to buy the equipment off the shelf), to adopt Internet technology solutions using Cisco products. Cisco also believes that technology enables nonprofits to improve their productivity and extend their reach and service delivery (Cisco 2007g). The PGP is straightforward: a nonprofit with a problem that could be solved by using technology products or services sold by Cisco simply approaches the company and asks if they could get the product and/or service for free (or at a subsidized price) by availing of the PGP. However simple the concept may seem, availing of the product grant entails some degree of hard work that has been surely designed to encourage only those who are really deserving of assistance while discouraging those looking for a dole-out, which is against Cisco's corporate ethic. Note that Cisco products should be part of the solution to the nonprofit organization's problem. Some examples are nonprofits that are building up their networking capability in order to improve

Creation and Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creation and Evolution - Essay Example Evolution, though scientific theory, is a much stronger argument when measured against creationism when viewed from a scientific point of view. Evolution is not rooted merely in theory but in great part by scientific fact which is observable and shown consistently to be true. It is not merely an idea but a proven fact that this occurs and has occurred through gene mutations, DNA science and other examples such as the increased height of Europeans in the preceding centuries (Moran). Biological evolution refers to changes that are easily definable and provable in populations over time. DNA analysis shows that though we have much more in common with primates we still have over 200 of the same DNA as bacteria, a single celled organism, which is the premise that life began with evolution. Natural selection and species adaptation have been shown proven within our lifetimes through thousands of studies. Evolution can often also include the suggestion that all beings evolved from one original ancestor, which in itself is difficult to fathom as we are (Evolution) though entirely plausible. Genes carry the DNA code responsible for how a species is created and many studies, such as plant hybridization, show that it is very possible for genes to mutate, reshuffle, and produce genetic variations which are the premise behind evolution. Evolution theory through gene mutation is well documented within every species known to man. The scientific community likely finds it difficult to fathom that as intelligent as they are they are unable to create new life forms thus it would be unlikely that another being could do so while creationist lend more credence towards an ultimate being based on their desire for there to be an ultimate being greater than what we are able to know or comprehend. The argument between evolution and creationism lies in the ultimate beginning of life, which

Othello a tragic hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Othello a tragic hero - Essay Example Othello is a valiant soldier, a Black Moor from Cyprus, who now owes allegiance to Venice, and has been elevated to a position of General and is the admired protector of the city. He has been raised to this position of eminence by the White Senators of the city who see in him the savior of the city. Othello has taken Desdemona, daughter of Barbantio, as his wife, with her will, and the father is grieved at this match of his white daughter to the black Moor, who he considers a foreigner despite his polished manners and exalted position. Iago, a soldier Othello trusts, but who is not chosen as his lieutenant, is jealous of Othello on two counts. One he presents as not being chosen as his rightful lieutenant, and second his own lust for Desdemonia whom he desired but was denied by Desdemona herself. Seeking vengeance, Iago spins a deceitful plot by tainting Desdemona as unfaithful and having an affair with Cassio, the lieutenant Othello had chosen in preference over Iago, and Othello fa lls into the trap. Othello dismisses Cassio from his service and when Desdemona pleads with Othello for his reinstatement, it merely serves Iago’s cause and firms up his allegation about her in Othello’s confused mind. Othello then confronts her with the accusation of unfaithfulness and refuses he plea of innocence and kills her. Iago had earlier used Emily his wife, who unwittingly aided him, but when realization dawns on her she tries to make amends and clarifies her role and that of Desdemona to Othello, but it is too late.

The Idea of Free

The Idea of Freedom to the Colonial America Essay Introduction Colonial America never had experienced freedom to its fullest implication from the beginning of their settlement in America. This could be perhaps understandable in the sense that back in England where many of these settlers came from, the expression of freedom had been so limited too. They have no freedom to express their political views nor did they have freedom of religion. The reigning monarchs James I (1603-25) and Charles (1625-49) established a series of â€Å"increasingly repressive laws against the few remaining Catholics and the growing numbers of Protestants in England† [1]These laws triggered religious persecution that drove many people to migrate to America to escape such repressive laws and the resulting religious persecution. The restriction of religious freedom was also imposed in the colonial America although there had been minor enhancement on its implication to the people. The ideas of freedom during the colonial America varies and was religious in nature but was quite vague in a sense that they implement strict laws and imposed very harsh punishment for violations where freedom was restricted. Based on the lecture of Zaheer Ali (September 10, 2008), America was inhabited by Asian Migrant between 16,000-14,000 B.C. particularly North[2] America (. These migrants undoubtedly had enjoyed unaltered freedom for very long period of time as they may have been undisturbed by the repressive or colonial laws experienced by the colonial America. They can do all they want with out fear of getting apprehended for violating restrictive laws. For the colonial America however, the idea of freedom varied and this was partly due to their diversity of ethnic origin. The Lutheran immigrant from Germany for example carried with them their notions of freedom as â€Å"the potential for philanthropic service to God and fellow humans,†[3] So as did the Puritans from England. This implies the absence of religious persecution in which the individual was persecuted on account of his or her faith. The idea about freedom of the Lutherans from western Germany, in contrast with the notion above, held freedom as â€Å"liberation from external coercion, alongside the promotion of inner godliness.†[4] While the first notion was purely religious, the context of this idea sounds a socio-religious which could be referring to the oppressive laws directed against Protestants and other non Catholic faiths. However, these German American ideas of freedom had evolved during the time of American Revolution. Freedom now includes the protection of property, which means that freedom was not only about serving God and fellow human freely, but also living a secured life with out fear that their properties would be confiscated. But for the Immigrants from England, and other Catholic countries, the idea of freedom was associated to freedom to exercise religion. George Kurian, Jeffrey D. Schultz, John G. West, and Ian S. Maclean pointed out that â€Å"the Pilgrims and Puritans came for religious freedom that chiefly meant freedom to practice their religious convictions without constraint from the English authorities.†[5] During this period, the concept of freedom was very narrow and specific in a sense that it only referred to one particular subject. Furthermore, their ideas were quite vague because while they held that freedom was associated to freedom to exercise religion, anyone who would exhibit different expression of faith even from their own ranks, would be severely punished, usually with death. This was the case in Massachusetts in 1659 and 1661 in which according to George Kurian et, al. â€Å"Quakers were outlawed and punished—four were even hanged†[6] for proclaiming â€Å"a different version of Christian faith.†[7] This was also the case of Roger Williams which was banished from Massachusetts in 1636. Kurian et, al. stated that William was intensely devout and was one of the â€Å"first to grasp the idea of religious freedom in the sense that we mean it today.†[8] Thus, the notion of freedom during the colonial America, though linked to freedom to exercise religion, does not actually have any room for tolerating different version of exercising their faith or religious practices, other than the prescribed manner, or to tolerate any other religion which was the true meaning of freedom of religion. The Puritans’ idea of freedom were also grounded on religion. Sheldon Hackney stated that for the Puritans in seventeenth-century New England, freedom was â€Å"the ability of their communities to establish a society of their understanding of the Bibl, the kind of Biblical commonwealth they were not permitted to create on Great Britain were the King was the defender of faith and the church of England was the established church†[9] For the Puritans, Freedom was a spiritual thing. It means freedom from enslavement to sin, which could be achieved â€Å"by strict conformity to the will of church and community.†[10] In his speech to the general court in 1645, John Winthrop, leader of the Massachusetts Bay stated, â€Å"On liberty, moral liberty is to be understood in terms of the covenant between God and man, and it is to that only which good, just and honest†¦.This liberty is is maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to authority; it is the same kind of liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free† [11]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These ideas of freedom of the colonial America were a reflection of the social realities at the time in which religion has been the basis of governance and it encompassed every spheres of the society as well as the everyday life of the individual families. Did everyone experience freedom in the same way?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no doubt that the expression of freedom in the context of religion was experienced in the same way through out the colonial America even though some states have different religious ideas. Hackney noted, â€Å"Colonial America in general, was not devoted to religious toleration. Anglican in Virginia had very different religious ideas from the Puritans in New England, but they agreed completely about the need of the society for uniformity of worship.†[12] This same experience of the idea of freedom could be attributed to the fact that the issue of religion as the basis of governance was also the standards of the moral and ethical norms of the society throughout Europe and the Americas. The fact that most of the immigrants had migrated to America to escape religious persecution reflects the same experiences that logically breeds the same feelings in which; their idea of freedom were based.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All throughout the American colonial period, the ideas of freedom were influenced by the developments in England particularly the set of power. Notable was the rise to the throne of Mary, the protestant daughter of James II and her husband, William of Orange which paved the way for the objective view of religion and government. It was from this period that the evolution of the ideas of freedom to exercise religion began to find a place in the government which later influenced the declaration of independence of the colonial America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Generally however, the main issue of freedom was freedom to exercise religion between Protestant and Roman Catholics. It means people experiences tyranny, oppression, injustice, and discrimination on account of their religion. These experiences were common among every state in colonial America as religiosity were the basis of the society’s everyday lives. It is the standard of norms of the society and was the basis of justice. However, this is quite vague because the freedom to choose religion was between Protestant and Roman Catholics only and which ever one chose, affects his or her own life socially, physically, and economically. Moreover, the idea of freedom limits to freely exercise either the Puritan or the Lutheran faith in the traditional manner of worship. It means that the individual were not allowed to have personal interpretation of the word God in a way that will suit to his or her situation and needs. It was a freedom to mean only to exercise the Lutheran and the Puritan faith and practice freely. This vague understanding of freedom had led many colonial states to â€Å"abstain voluntarily from asserting a governmental right to control or regulate religious activity within their territories and jurisdiction†[13] This development in the ideas of freedom was experienced all through out America until the birth of the United States because more and more states had recognized that religious freedom was part of the ideology of America, part of the American’s self concept. Thomas Jefferson according to Guinn once stated that freedom is, â€Å"the most inalienable and sacred of all human rights.†[14] This realization of the value of religious freedom had contributed to idea of freedom which we now enjoy. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The social realities in Europe during the 1700s greatly affected the lives of people everywhere. The religious conflict between Protestant and Roman Catholics affected not only people of England but also in most part of Europe where the conflicts were intense. These realities led people to migrate to America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At first glance, all we can see are the ugly, realities but looking objectively, those ugly realities paved the way for a more meaningful concept of freedom which enabled us to live a more enjoyable and exciting life. It gave our policy makers a more objective understanding and more objective laws that guarantees the individual freedom not only to practice religion but also to express views on governments or to criticize what one perceive to be wrong as long as he or she does not violate the law. Today, we are benefiting from the equal implementation, equal, purpose, and equal meaning of the law regardless of race, sex, color, religion, and ethnic origin, as our laws guarantee not only our freedom, but also our peaceful existence, our rights, and the security of our properties and most all our future. Bibliography Ali, Zaheer â€Å"The American Experience† (Lecture, September 10, 2008). Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B. The Encyclopedia of Christianity USA: Wm. B. Eerdsmans Publishing, 1999 Guin, David Faith in Trial USA: Lexington Books, 2006 Hackney,   Sheldon Magnolias Without Moonlight USA: Transaction Publisher, 2005 Kurian, George; Schultz, Jeffrey D.; West, John G. Maclean, Ian Encyclopedia of religion in American Politics USA: Greenwood Publishing, 1999 Noll, Mark A. America’s God New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 [1] Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, David B. Barrett, The Encyclopedia of Christianity USA: Wm. B. Eerdsmans Publishing, 1999, p. [2] Zaheer Ali â€Å"The American Experience† (Lecture, September 10, 2008). [3] Mark A. Noll, America’s God New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 116 [4] Noll, p. 116 [5] George Kurian, Jeffrey D. Schultz, John G. West, Ian Maclean Encyclopedia of religion in American Politics USA: Greenwood Publishing, 1999, p. 59. [6] Kurian et, al, p. 59 [7] Ibid [8] Ibid [9] Sheldon Hackney Magnolias Without Moonlight USA: Transaction Publisher, 2005, p. 126. [10] Hackney, p. 126 [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] David Guin Faith in Trial USA: Lexington Books, 2006, p.25 [14] Ibid

The High Price of Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The High Price of Education Once again, students at State University will pay more in tuition during the 2005-2006 academic year, by a 4.5 percent increase. The State Board of Regents was presented with a proposed 5.2 percent increase at its September 23-24 meeting in Capital City, but decided this month that a 4.5 percent increase in tuition was more reasonable. Even with the additional services that could be made available by the tuition hike, the students should not have to pay this increase. According to the memorandum, the tuition proceeds at State University will go toward student financial aid, inflation, library acquisitions and services, learning communities, the four-year graduation plan, study-abroad programs, graduate assistantships and computing and information technology. The extra funds acquired from the raise in tuition are meant to improve the quality of education, however, the proposed increase impedes State University's commitment of affordability and access for its students. As a tuition-paying freshman at State University, this raise will directly effect my already currently suffering bank account and me. I applaud the board for its efforts to improve the quality of higher education for students, and for seeking to help State University in its goal to become the best institution in the nation. Although I don't approve of a 4.5 percent tuition hike for students to increase the funding of various programs at the university, or as a means to help achieve State University's goal. Each time the tuition goes up, it makes it harder for aspiring college-bound students to come to school here. What kind of impact will a higher tuition have on students? If the cost of living plus tuition pushes students to w... ...this increase are not tuition-paying students, but administrators overseeing the institutions from a distance. This raise may have no effect on their bank account, or may even provide the funds for their salary increases. If we as students don't agree with these allocations, we need to speak out and let our views be known. Our opinions will be considered, but only if we take them to someone other than our roommates, such as the Board members themselves. A few years ago, the Regents actually changed the tuition rate during the process due to student feedback, so we shouldn't assume the decision is out of our hands. It may seem as though our bills each September and January are much lower in comparison to other universities, however, we can't just sit back and accept tuition increases that come our way. After all, it is our money and financial future that is at stake.